Tuesday, March 15, 2022

Work and Play – by Ted Hughes - Stanza I

 

Looking at the title of the poem:
  1. What does Hughes mean by it? 
  2. What is the relationship between the two? 
  3. Does Hughes mean that “work” and “play” are different things that one must engage in at different times?
  4. Or, are they the same, but given two different names depending on one’s perspective?  
The poem has 4 stanzas with 8, 10, 13, and 13 lines respectively

Throughout the poem the poet builds two images:

o   one of a hard working swallow

o   and the other of seemingly carefree humans enjoying their summer vacation at the seaside.

The spatial setting of the poem is a seaside, this place is uninhabited and left to nature throughout the year except for the summer during which it is invaded by people. The events that are described in the poem take place in a particular summer, but the implication is that it happens every summer. Though not articulated, reading the poem, I was reminded often of the Aesopian story of the grasshopper and the ant – the swallow being the industrious ant and the holiday-makers being the not-so-innocent-and-artless grasshopper.

Stanza I

The swallow of summer, she toils all the summer,
A blue-dark knot of glittering voltage,
A whiplash swimmer, a fish of the air.
But the serpent of cars that crawls through the dust
In shimmering exhaust
Searching to slake
Its fever in ocean
Will play and be idle or else it will bust.

The rhyming scheme of the first stanza is (summer, voltage, air, dust, exhaust, slake, ocean bust) abcefgie. In the first line of the first stanza, the poet associates the swallow with the season of summer by calling it “The swallow of summer” building an intrinsic relationship between the bird and the season which the people who invade the bird’s natural domain and disturb it do not share.  

Throughout summer, the bird “toils”. Interestingly, the poet uses the personal pronoun “she” to refer to the bird, anthropomorphising it, while using “it” to refer to “the serpent of cars”, de-humanizing it in the process. Incidentally, it is the third person omniscient poetic person that uses the word “toil” to describe what the bird is doing. However, the repeated use of musical /l/ sounds in the line by the poet takes away the negative connotations associated with the word “toil”

In the next two lines, the poet uses three fabulous metaphors to describe the speed of the bird. In the second line, the bird is a “[a blue-dark knot of glittering voltage]” – a thunderbolt, an appropriate metaphor for the season with its sudden thunderstorms. The phrase “blue-dark knot” refers to the colour and the size of the bird while “knot” could also be read as a reference to stored energy in the bird. The phrase “glittering voltage” obviously refers to the power and the speed at which the tiny blue-black bird moves about performing its summer chores. In the third line, the speed and the naturalness of the flight of the bird is illustrated by the two metaphors “A whiplash swimmer, a fish of the air”  

The fourth line begins with the conjunction “But”. The word "But" marks the volta or the turning point of the verse. The entire section of the verse that comes after the word "But" is an extended-metaphor. The use of the term “But” places what is to come next at odds with what has been said so far. While the swallow is going about performing its summer chores joyously in that edanic location, unbeknown to her, “the serpent of cars …crawl through the dust/ In shimmering exhaust”.

The poet uses parallel structures in “[t]he swallow of summer” and “the serpent of cars”. Of course, the threat is still far away as indicated by the use of future simple in the section subsequent to “But”. The serpent of cars is exhausted by the heat of the summer, for it is not a creature of summer, being cold blooded. So, it is crawling through the dust dispersing clouds of shimmering exhaust at its wake in its search for a cooler place. While the bird glittered due to its beautiful plumage, it is the exhaust expelled by the serpent of cars that shimmered.

The pun on the word “crawl’ indicates both the speed of the cars and the motion of the snake. Lines 5-7 are much shorter than the rest of the lines in the stanza underscoring the exhaustion of the serpent of cars that are searching for the ocean to “slake/Its fever” where it would “play and be idle or else it will bust.”  The poet uses long vowel sounds in the lines 5-7 indicating the lack of energy in the serpent, but in the last line of the stanza, he reverts to using shorter vowel sounds and /l/ sounds indicating that the trip to the seaside would give the serpent energy and fill it with joy.

However, while the bird found joy in performing its daily work, the serpent hopes to find joy in play and idleness. The word “bust”, an informal, almost slang, term used for ‘explode’, indicates the tension felt by the serpent of cars at the point prior to its seaside vacation. 

නව ව්යාපෘතියක් ලෙස, ඉංග්රීසි කවි ඉගෙන ගන්නා සහ රසවිඳින අයගේ ප්රයෝජනය සඳහා මා කැමතිම ඉංග්රීසි කවි කිහිපයක් පිළිබඳ ඇගයීම් මාලාවක් කිරීමට මම සූදානම් වෙමි. ඉංග්රීසි කාව් පිළිබඳ වඩාත් භාෂාමය වශයෙන් අන්තර්ක්රියාකාරී සාකච්ඡාවක් සඳහා වේදිකාවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම මෙහි අරමුණයි. එහි පළමු පියවර ලෙස අද මම ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නේ Ted Hughes විසින් රචිත "Work and Play" හි පළමු පදයයි.

කවියේ මාතෘකාව දෙස බලන විට පහත ප්රශ්න වැල මගේ සිතේ මතු වේ:
a.       හියුස් එයින් අදහස් කරන්නේ කුමක්ද? 
b.      "වැඩ" සහ "සෙල්ලම්" යන යෙදුම් දෙක අතර සම්බන්ධය කුමක්ද?
c.        හියුස් අදහස් කරන්නේ "වැඩ" සහ "සෙල්ලම්" යනු එක් එක් කාලවලදී කළ යුතු වෙනස් දේවල් බව ? එසේත් නැතිනම්, එකිනෙකට වෙනස් නම් දෙකක් ලබා දී ඇති එකම දේද?
කවියට පිළිවෙලින් පේළි 8, 10, 13 සහ 13 ගින් කවි පද 4 ක් ඇත. කවිය පුරාවට කවියා රූප දෙකක් ගොඩනඟයි:
d.      වෙහෙස මහන්සි වී වැඩ කරන වැහි ලිහිණියෙක්
e.       සහ මුහුදු වෙරළේ ගිම්හාන නිවාඩුව ගත කිරීමට පැමිණෙන මිනිසුන් පිරිසක්.
කවියේ අවකාශීය සැකසුම මිනිසුන් විසින් ආක්රමණය කරන ග්රීෂ්ම කාලය හැර වසර පුරාවට ජනාවාසයෙන් තොර මුහුදු වෙරළකි. කාව්යයේ විස්තර කර ඇති සිදුවීම් එක් විශේෂිත ගිම්හානයක සිදු වුවද, එයින් ගම් වන්නේ එය සෑම ගිම්හානයකම සිදු වන බවයි. කවිය කියවන විට, මට බොහෝ විට මතක් වූයේ පළගැටියා සහ කුහුඹුවාගේ ඊසෝපියන් උපමා කතාවයි- කුඩා කුරුල්ලා වෙහෙස මහන්සි වී වැඩ කරන කුහුඹුවා වන අතර නිවාඩු ගත කරන්නන් එතරම් අහිංසක නොවන පළඟැටියා වේ.

පළමු පදය

පළමු පදයේ (rhyming scheme) අවසන් රිද්ම රටාව abcdefg වේ. පළමු පදයේ පළමු පේළියේ කවියා වැහි ලිහිණියා ගිම්හාන සමය සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරන්නේ කුරුල්ලාගිම්හානයේ වැහි ලිහිණියාලෙස හඳුන්වමිනි.  හරහා, කුරුල්ලාගේ ස්වභාවික වසම ආක්රමණය කළ මිනිසුන් සහ ගිම්හානය අතර නොවන නෛසර්ගික සම්බන්ධයක් කුරුල්ලා සහ ගිම්හාන සමය අතර ඇති බව ඔහු පෙන්වා දෙයි. ගිම්හානය පුරාම වැහි ලිහිණියා වෙහෙස මහන්සි වී වැඩ කරයි. කවියා කුරුල්ලා හැඳින්වීමටඇයයන සර්වනාමය භාවිතා කර ඇය මිනිසෙකු ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය (anthropomorphize) කරන අතර "මෝටර් රථ සර්පයා" හැඳින්වීමට "එය" යන යෙදුම භාවිතා කර එය අමානුෂික (de-humanize) කරයි. කුරුල්ලා කරන දේ විස්තර කිරීමට "වෙහෙස" යන අර්ථය ඇති “toil” යන වචනය භාවිතා කරන්නේ කාව්යමය පුද්ගලයාය.  කෙසේ වෙතත් කවියා විසින් එමපේළියේ සංගීතමය / l/ ශබ්ද නැවත නැවත භාවිතා කිරීම මගින් (alliteration) "toil" යන වචනය හා සම්බන්ධ ඍණාත්මක අර්ථයන් ඉවත් කරයි.

මීළඟ පේළි දෙකේ කුරුල්ලාගේ වේගය විස්තර කිරීමට කවියා අපූරු රූපක 3 ක් භාවිතා කරයි: කවියා වැහි ලිහිණියා හඳුන්වන්නේ[a] blue-dark knot of glittering voltage,/[a] whiplash swimmer, a fish of the air” ලෙසයි. දෙවන පේළියේ, කුරුල්ලා යනු දීප්තිමත් විදුලි ධාරාවක්වු  නිල්-අඳුරු ගැටයකි - එය හදිසි අකුණු වැසි සහිත ගිම්හාන සමයට සුදුසු රූපකයකි (image). තුන්වන පේළියේ, කුරුල්ලා කස පහරක් වැනි පිහිනන්නෙකු සහ අහසේ මාළුවෙකි.

හතරවන පේළිය ආරම්භ වන "But" යන වචනය පදයේ වෝල්ටා හෝ හැරවුම් ලක්ෂ්යය සලකුණු කරයි. "නමුත්" යන වචනයෙන් පසුව එන පදයේ සම්පූර්ණ කොටස දිගු-රූපකයකි (an extended metaphor). “Butයන පදය මඟින් මීළඟට පැමිණීමට නියමිත දේ මෙතෙක් පවසා ඇති දෙයට පටහැනිව තබයි (contrasts). කුරුල්ලා එම ඒදන් උයනේ ප්රීතියෙන් වැඩ කරමින් සිටියදී, ඇය නොදැන මෝටර් රථ සර්පයා දූවිල්ලේ බඩගාගෙන / දිලිසෙන පිටාර වායු පිට කරමින් එදෙසට එයි. කවියා "ගිම්හානයේ වැහි ලිහිණියා "සහ "මෝටර් රථ සර්පයා" පද සමාන්තර ව්යුහයන් (parallel structures) ලස භාවිතා කරයි.

"But" යන පදයට පසුව ඇති කොටසෙහි අනාගත කාලය භාවිතය මගින් පෙන්නුම් කරන පරිදි තර්ජනය තවමත් දුරින් . ග්රීෂ්ම ඍතුවේ උණුසුම් බව නිසා සීතල ලේ ඇති කාර් සර්පයා වෙහෙසට පත් වේ. එබැවින්, සත්වයා සිසිල් ස්ථානයක් සොයමින් දිලිසෙන පිටාර දුම් වලාකුළු විසුරුවා හරිමින් දූවිලි හරහා බඩගාමින් සිටී. කුරුල්ලා ඇයගේ අලංකාර පිහාටු නිසා දිලිසෙන අතර, මෝටර් රථ සර්පයා දිලිසෙන්නේ පිටවන දුම නිසා පමණි. "shimmering" සහ "glittering" යන වචන අතර අර්ථයේ වෙනසක් ඇත - "shimmering" යන වචනය බොහෝ විට මිරිඟු, කෘමීන් සහ සර්පයන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වන අතර, "glittering" යන වචනය බොහෝ විට තරු සහ දියමන්ති සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ "බඩගා" (crawl) යන වචනයෙන් මෝටර් රථවල වේගය සහ සර්පයාගේ චලනය යන දෙකම පෙන්නුම් කරයි. තාක්ෂණිකව, එවැනි භාෂා භාවිතය "pun on words" ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

5-7 පේළි, පදයේ ඉතිරි පේළිවලට වඩා කෙටි ය. මෙම පේළි වල කෙටි භාවය අවධාරනය කරන්නේ, පිපාසය සංසිඳුවා ගැනීමටත්, කිසිවක් නොකර සිටීමෙන් හෝ සෙල්ලම් කිරීමෙන් එය පුපුරා යාම වැළැක්වීම සඳහාත් සාගරය සොයමින් බඩගාන මෝටර් රථ සර්පයාගේ විඩාව . කවියා 5-7 පේළිවල දිගු ස්වර ශබ්ද භාවිතා කිරීමෙන් සර්පයා තුළ ඇති දැඩි වෙහෙස පෙන්නුම් කරයි. නමුත් පදයේ අවසාන පේළියේ, මුහුදු වෙරළට යන ගමන සර්පයාට ශක්තිය ලබා දෙන අතර සත්වයා ප්රීතියෙන් පුරවන බව අඟවන කෙටි ස්වර ශබ්ද සහ සංගීතමය / l/ ශබ්ද භාවිතා කරයි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, කුරුල්ලා තම දෛනික වැඩ කටයුතුවල නියැලීමෙන් ප්රීතිය සොයා ගත් අතර, සර්පයා බලාපොරොත්තු වන්නේ සෙල්ලමෙන් හා උදාසීනත්වයෙන් ප්රීතිය සොයා ගැනීමටය. පිපිරීම යනවචනය සඳහා සඳහා භාවිතා කරන අවිධිමත්, ස්ලැන්ග් යෙදුමක් වන "bust" යන වචනයෙන් ඇඟවෙන්නේ මෝටර් රථ සර්පයාට මුහුදු වෙරළේ නිවාඩුවට පෙර ඇති ආතතියයි.

Friday, February 18, 2022

Standing up smartly - by Tomihiro Hoshino (translated by Kyoko and Gavin BantocK)

 


The poet uses a lily magnolia as a metaphor in the poem. First, let us look at what magnolias, specifically lily magnolias, are:

a.     The magnolia tree is considered a symbol of magnificence due to its great height and large flowers

b.     The trees bear large fragrant pink, purple, white and even yellow tulip- or star-shaped flowers in the spring

c.      The flower in general is considered a symbol of nobility, perseverance, and love of nature.

d.     Due to their soft subtle colours and strong appearance, the flower is considered a symbol of femininity and gentleness in the Southern states of the USA.

e.      During the War Between the States, southern women were often called steel magnolias due to their seeming fragility which hid a strong personality. 

f.       Lily magnolias are native to southwestern China, specifically Sichuan and Yunnan.

g.     They are cultivated for ornamental purposes in China, Japan, Europe and North America.

h.     The script on the left – is it Chinese?

i.       In the Chinese culture, the magnolia tree is said to symbolize purity and nobility.

j.       The tree is also thought to possess healing powers

 Keep these in mind, when we look at the poem:

Standing up smartly

only at the beginning

but then her colour fades

and she bows her head

to the mercy of the wind


Yet I like the lily magnolia


Blooming under the blue sky

She is like me

Somehow

The poem consists of three stanzas. the poem in its entirety is shaped like a bud. Thus, one might call it a shaped poem. Each stanza, a sentence; the first and the third use run-on line lines or enjambment while the 2nd a single end stop line. The first stanza is compound sentence made of three clauses joined by two coordinating conjunctions – signaling connection and passage of time. 

Standing up smartly

only at the beginning

but then her colour fades

and she bows her head

to the mercy of the wind

The subject and the auxiliary verb in the first clause of the first stanza is withheld by the poet most probably to maintain rhythm and to give the subject a brief aura of mystery. The arrangement of the lines give the poem the appearance of a shaped verse: the poem looks like a magnolia bud. The poetic persona observes a magnolia in full bloom. She offers what she sees as a visual image for the reader to see, too.  However, in the first stanza the poet hides the fact that she is talking about a flower. She uses the personal pronoun “she” to refer to the flower making the reader imagine that she is talking about a young woman. It is in the second stanza that we come to know that the poet was referring to a flower with the pronoun “she”. In that sense the poet has personified the flower as a young woman by referring to it as ‘she’. Like any youthful thing the magnolia is “standing up smartly”. Interestingly, the poet uses the present participle with a hidden auxiliary in the opening line. The present continuous is used to signal temporariness. So it was only “at the beginning” the flower stands smartly. With the passage of time the youthful flower enters her middle age. The sudden shock experienced at the signs of aging is signaled by the use of the “but then”. As the aging flower bows down to the law of transience, her colour fades.The use of the word “only” ads emphasize to the sense of transience permeating the first stanza. The connection between fading of colours and the need to bow to the wind is signaled by the use of the conjunction “and” which is used to connect two clauses when two actions happen one after the other. In the next two verbs of the first stanza the poet uses the present simple probably to signal that he is talking about a universal truth – aging and death is a fate shared by all living and nonliving things. The aged flower bows her head [down] to the mercy of the wind – the flower accepts what is inevitable. One might call this as not putting up a fight while I see this as giving into the inevitable - gracefully. The reference to “mercy” of the wind can be read as death; death is in fact an act of kindness to a thing past its prime. The flower must fall for the fruit to come out. So there is quiet dignity in the flower in its last moments - it does not give into histrionics when the end is near – it has understood the meaning of life.  

The second stanza is a single end stop line.      

Yet I like the lily magnolia

The poetic persona declares her partiality to the lily magnolia. The use of “yet” to qualify her liking signals that she sees some reason to not to like the flower. Could it be the flower’s passive acceptance of the inevitable? Does she think of it as a weakness of the flower? Whatever it might be, the use of the word “yet” hints at reservations and the poet’s resolution to like the flower despite those reservations.

The third stanza consists of one run on sentence divided into three lines

Blooming under the blue sky

she is like me

somehow

The poet offers the reader a magnificent picture of a lily magnolia in full bloom contrasted by the blueness of the sky. At such moments, the poet sees similarities between the magnolia and her. Yet, these similarities are not clear or articulable to the poetic persona: she is like me/ somehow. The poetic persona seems to imply that both the flower and she need good sunny weather for them to bloom.         

Tuesday, February 8, 2022

“Ode To Joy” by Friedrich Schiller

Freidrich Schiller / free-der-ish shi-luh/ was a poet, playwright and a historian. The original German version "Ode to Joy" was titled "An die Freude" /an diː ˈfroi-də/ which meant "To Joy". Ode to Joy represents the triumph of universal brotherhood against war and desperation. It was composed in 1785 and published in the following year in Thalia. It is said to be his friendship with Christian Gottfried Körner inspired Schiller to write the ode. A revised version was published posthumously in 1808 in which two lines of the first stanza were changed and the last stanza was omitted.

The revised version of the poem became widely known after Beethoven used a slightly altered version of it in the final movement of his Ninth Symphony in 1824. This incorporation is often seen as a radical call for equality, freedom, and brotherhood. The fact that Beethoven chose a text authored by Schiller isn’t a coincidence: the composer was indeed an admirer of the latter’s work as a philosopher. Beethoven is usually remembered for his musical work, but what is less known about him is that he was a fervent idealist. Together with Schiller, the other main authors who influenced Beethoven are Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Immanuel Kant. Beethoven's tune was adopted as the "Anthem of Europe" by the Council of Europe in 1972 and subsequently by the European Union. 

Once again we are looking at a translation, this time of a German poem. There are many translations as well as adaptations of this poem. I will be using the standard Carnegie Hall version for my discussion.  

The original has 6 stanzas. In the first line itself we are introduced to the main theme of the poem – friendship and brotherhood:

Oh friends, no more of these sounds!
Let us sing more cheerful songs,
More full of joy!

The poet is not happy with his current situation of discord and he yearns for accord and harmony among his friends. In the next stanza, the poet personifies “Joy” and refers to it as a quality that distinguishes divinity

Joy, bright spark of divinity,
Daughter of Elysium,
Fire-inspired we tread
Thy sanctuary!
Thy magic power reunites
All that custom has divided;
All men become brothers
Under the sway of thy [Joy’s] gentle wings.

 

Joy is the Daughter of Elysium – it is interesting that the poet should refer to Elysium as the home of Joy. Elysium or the Elysian Fields is a conception of the afterlife maintained by some classical Greek religious and philosophical sects and cults.  Initially, only mortals related to the gods and other heroes could go there after death.  Later, those chosen by the gods, the righteous, and the heroic too were admitted to the Elysian Fields after death where they lived a blessed and happy life, and indulged in whatever employment they had enjoyed in life.

Inspired by fire, the poetic persona and his friends enter and walk about in the sanctuary dedicated to Joy. Once within the sanctuary of Joy, there is no room for cultural norms and taboos that divided humanity – all men become a part of one brotherhood. In the last line the poet creates a picture of the poet and friends sheltering under the protective wings of Joy like a brood of chicks under the wings of a hen.

Whoever has created
An abiding friendship,
Or has won
A true and loving wife,
All who can call at least one soul theirs,
Join in our song of praise!
But any who cannot must creep tearfully
Away from our circle. (completion)

In the third stanza, the poet invites anyone who had a good friend, a faithful, a loving wife, etc. to join him in his song in praise of that special relationship they have. According to the poet anyone who is not blessed with affectionate relationships has no place in the circle formed by him and his friends. Circle as we know has all sort sorts references due to it being regarded as the most perfect shape on earth.

All creatures drink of joy
At nature’s breast.
Just and unjust
Alike taste of her gift;
She gave us kisses and the fruit of the vine,

A tried friend to the end.
Even the worm can feel contentment,
And the cherub stands before God!
Gladly, like the heavenly bodies
Which He set on their courses through the splendor of the firmament;
Thus, brothers, you should run your race,
As a hero going to conquest.

 In the next section, the poet project nature as a bountiful nurturing mother that treats all alike. I was wondering whether the terms “just” and “unjust” has Platonic references, considering the reference to Elysian Fields in the previous stanza. Platonic concept of justice deals with balance and one’s place in the grand scheme of things.

Nature is a friend that would stay with you to the end – a tried and tested friend, says the poet. Even the meanest of creatures – the worm – finds satiation and peace in nature. According to the poet – our course is set by god – we have a predetermined destiny. Each one of us is a part of the Great Chain of Beings with pre-determined status – a feudalistic idea – which I find very comforting considering all the effort we have to expend in order to make a place for ourselves that robs us of so much of our time on earth. As our position is fated, there is no point in making a fuss. We should approach life as a hero “going to conquest”. – Once again I see an unstated reference to a blessed afterlife here for those who accept their lot and march on heroically whether one is a worm or an eagle in the light of the earlier reference to the Elysian Field  

You millions, I embrace you.
This kiss is for all the world!
Brothers, above the starry canopy
There must dwell a loving Father.
Do you fall in worship, you millions?
World, do you know your Creator?
Seek Him in the heavens!
Above the stars must He dwell

In the last stanza, the poet broadcast his love to the entire world. He expresses a deep conviction in the presence of a benign fatherly god “above the starry canopy”. He asks the world whether they worshiped this god on their knees. He asks whether they know their creator – I wonder whether there is any connection between this line and the section Blake’s poem Tygre where he questions the divine logic in creating a tiger. The poetic persona encourages the world to seek god and assures them that god must be living above the stars. Zimbabwe which was earlier known as Rhodesia used the tune for its national anthem from 1974 until 1979. However, in a letter written in 1800 to his friend Korner, Schiller had called the Ode as "detached from reality" and "of value maybe for us two, but not for the world, nor for the art of poetry". This indicates a profound sense of disillusionment in the poet.


Thursday, January 6, 2022

Historicizing Literature and Collective Guilt: Seeing Crocodiles in a Tea Cup?


At the very outset I would like to state that the purpose of the article is not to insult or hurt the poets mentioned or their loved ones.

When I was a lowly first year undergrad at the University of Peradeniya we had a visiting English instructor from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio to teach us what is popularly known as diaspora literature. The instructor gave us an elaborate name for what she was going to teach which, I must confess, I have long since forgotten. To get back to the story, this Lady Lecturer appeared out of nowhere in our regular lecturers’ absence and took over 102 English by a storm. One of the first things she had asked us was whether we knew how to use a computer; this was while my friend, a part time high-end model who would look good even in a sack, was staring avidly at the lecturer’s profusion of underarm body hair with utter horror. Ms. Fernando changed the course content and introduced her own texts. One of her many interests being “the ways in which discourses of gender, race, caste and class intersect to produce often contradictory and complex narratives in the post-colonial context,” we were directed to read works such as Clear Light of Day, Home and the World, the Dragon Can’t Dance, God of Small things, The Farming of Bones, The Swinging Bridge and The Funny Boy, the last being the pièce de résistance of the entire course. By the time we were coming to the end of The Funny Boy, the vast majority of those who read the course were denouncing the perpetrators of violence – which in their take constituted all members of the majority ethnicity – in the book and some were expressing their deep shame at being forced to share an ethnic identity with the rioters. Almost all those who were there became firm believers of the collective guilt of the Majority of countless acts of discrimination and genocide they had committed against the minorities. They could not have denounced the “culprits” loud enough and embraced the “victims” close enough in order to distance themselves from the “Majority”. The lecturer and I had frequent heated exchanges of views on the issue and towards the end she pretended that I did not exist in the lecture hall. In the end, I became branded as an “ultra Sinhala racist”.

Under these circumstances, I managed to scrape together a mere second upper with great difficulty and rejoined my post as a teacher of English Language in the real world only to be unpleasantly jolted by two rather interesting facts: some of the course contents of the Literature syllabi of the GCE O/L and A/L exams and the selections for English recitation and prepared speech competitions competitors are expected to by heart.

We teach “Big Match, 1983” by Yasmine Gooneratne under the theme “society”  and “Animal Crackers” by Richard de Zoysa and “Explosion” by Vivimarie Vanderpooten for GCE O/L and A/L English Literature papers. “Big Match, 1983” is the only poem in the O/L Literature syllabus composed by a Sri Lankan writer and the only other Sri Lankan poem in the A/L syllabus is “The Fisherman Mourned by His Wife” by Patrick Fernando. Before I go further, I must make it clear that I have nothing but the highest regard for the craftsmanship of the three poets and I do not presume to instruct them or criticize them on the issue of their individual sociopolitical affiliations. I am a firm advocate of the right of the individual to have his own opinions as long as they do not malign or threaten the rights of others to the same privilege. Anyone can write/air his/her points of view regarding whatever that is dear to his/her heart for the edification of others who choose to be edified. It is a privilege loaded with social responsibility that no one should tamper with as long as it does not call for death of and destruction to others. As a matter of fact, under different circumstances I have read the poems mentioned above with great interest and have experienced the beauty of their delivery in my limited capacity with keenness. Therefore, I would like to re-stress that my quarrel is only with the selection/placement of the three poems and the way they are being taught to students and not with the individual poems or poets.   

Almost as a rule, in local-syllabus schools, those who select English Literature for the O/L Examination and English for the A/L Examination are the above par students. Most of them do well and pursue higher education. In effect, they constitute a sizable section of the future academia and the intelligentsia of the nation.  When one selects material for the edification of the future generation, especially the afore-mentioned group, one is entrusted with a sacred duty for one mishap may result in the misdirection of the course of a nation. Recently, I was engaged in a discussion with a student I tutor on “The Big Match, 1983”. When I asked him what the years 1956 and 1958 meant to him, his immediate answers were that 1956 stood for “the Sinhala Only Act” and 1958 was the year a lot of Tamils were killed by the Sinhalese. And when I asked him where he had read that, his immediate response was that his teacher had told him that. The thought that immediately flashed across my mind was whether that could possibly be the learning outcome expected by introducing this poem to the syllabus. Thinking about the issue, little snippets of the answers from the discussions held and answers corrected that resonated similar points of view on the issues of racial relations and violence in Sri Lanka along the years surfaced in my mind with an alarming rapidity. Along with that, the selection of the inauguration speeches of the likes of Ronald Reagan and John F Kennedy that glorified the USA and its role as THE world leader and poetry that glorified England for annual English Language competitions (these have been the content of the competitions for a very long time) create an alarming picture of negligence on the part of those who select such content and those bodies that should be in charge of monitoring such selections.

Selection of a particular piece of writing to be taught as a part of the national curriculum indirectly legitimizes the content of the poem and the point of view of the writer, at least at the primary and secondary levels of education. So,

1.       when students are exposed to content that is problematic even to the most mature of readers

2.       and when such content is taught by instructors

a.  who are almost as unenlightened as the students themselves on the issues concerned

b.      or who are hesitant to contradict the status quo for the fear

                                                                                       i.      of their views being debunked

                                                                                     ii.      or being detrimental to their students grade-wise,

we have a situation that needs immediate attention of the policy makers. I would like to propose that the content of the Literature syllabi and the content of the English Language Competitions should be reviewed to see how they contributed to the national aims of education as soon as possible before more damage could be caused to the impressionable minds of the students who are exposed to them.