1.
Problems related to over population:
- Housing
- Employment
- Drinking water
- Shanties
- Epidemics
- Urbanization
- Garbage
- Energy requirements
2.
Gender discrimination and the place of woman in SL society:
Decisions
on:
- Marriage
- Education
- Rest
- Decision making
- No. of children
- Nutrition
- Sex life
are made by man.
Many
occupations are still closed to women.
In
countries like India widows are marginalized.
Wages
earned by women is generally 30% - 40% lower
For
every 2 men 3 women are illiterate.
Out
of 1.3 billion of the poorest of the poor 70% are women.
By
1995 only 6% of the total cabinet ministers of the world were women.
The
4th Summit on Women held in Beijing, China was held in September
1995 with Hillary Clinton as the Chairperson.
At
the summit the participants agreed that by 2015 the following areas should
reach an internationally accepted standard:
o Nutrition
o Unemployment
o Political rights
o Education
It
is widely accepted that malnutrition and infant mortality could be reduced by
educating women in the developing countries.
3.
Environmental pollution
Environment
could be classified as:
1. Natural environment
– land, water, air, soil, fauna and flora
2. Cultural environment
– infrastructure, religions, artistic creations
Kyoto
Protocol:
it is an energy agreement that was created in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 signed by
140 counties to reduce the emission of Greenhouse gases. The USA, the country
that emits more Greenhouse gases than any country did not sign the agreement.
IPCC: intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change is the final authority in matters related to climate
change. The Panel is currently working on Climate Change 2007, The Fourth
Assessment Report (AR4).
Reasons
for environmental pollution:
- Deforestation
- Coral mining
- Sand mining
- Developing low-lying areas
- Urbanization
- Mining for gems
- Poor soil conservation methods
- Improper disposal of household refuse and factory waste
- Agricultural chemicals
- Use of polythene
- Nuclear waste
Land pollution:
Reasons:
o Overuse of
agro-chemicals changes the ph value of the soil
o Use of steep
inclines for cultivation without proper soil conservation methods
o Improper garbage
disposal
o Improper disposal of
factory waste
o Polythene and
plastics
Methods of conservation:
o Terraced cultivation
o Cultivation cover
crops
o Recycling
Air pollution
Reasons:
o Use of carbon based
energy sources
o Poisonous gases
emitted by supersonic jets and rockets
o CFC emitted from
refrigerators and ACs
o Forest fires
o Volcanic irruptions
o Nuclear expectations
o Nicotine from
cigarette
Results :
o Greenhouse Effect
o Acid Rains
o Global Warming
o Respiratory diseases
o Ozone depletion
o Changes in climate
Methods of Conservation:
o Limiting Greenhouse
gases
o Using an alternative
for CFC
o Using renewable
sources of energy
Water Pollution
Ways in which water could be polluted:
o Emission of
household refuse, factory waste, animal waste into water
o Mixing of disease
causing micro organisms
o Mixing of heavy
metals
o Mixing of
agro-chemicals
o Mixing of artificial
non-carbonic chemicals
Results:
o Destruction of
aquatic organisms
o Pollution of
drinking water sources
Method of conservations:
o Proper disposal of
agro-chemicals
o Tighter laws
regarding factory emissions
*Sound
Pollution
*Cultural
pollution
- Challenges faced by the modern family unit
o Latch-key children
o Single- parent
families
o Parents being away
for a long time on jobs
o Divorce
o Drugs
o Generation gap
5. Terrorism
o Ancestral Land
Concept
o Racial Conflicts
o Religious Conflicts
o Tribal Conflicts
Results:
o Loss of lives
o Property destruction
o Refugees
o Killing of national
leaders
o Abductions and
ransom demands
o Drug trafficking
o Arms trafficking
o Armed robberies
o Child soldiers
o Economic crises
6. Refugees
Reasons:
o Political conflicts
o Boarder conflicts
o Terrorism
o Tribal conflicts
o Religious conflicts
o Racial conflicts
Problems related to refugees:
o Lack of necessary
facilities in refugee camps
o Sudden increase in
population
o Scarcity of land
o Affect the racial,
religious balance of the country
o Economic crises
o Affect the stability
of the country
7. Food Problem
o Discrepancies in
distribution
o Measures employed by
developed countries in maintaining prices
1. Destroying excess
crops
2. Limiting land
cultivated
3. Issuing subsidies to
farmers to set off losses incurred by refraining from cultivating or destroying
crops
4. Using cereals as
animal feed
o Lack of knowledge in
nutrition
o Cultural/ religious
practices
o Pests
o Improper storage
methods
Solutions:
o Increase land
cultivated
o Increase the yield
through modern farming methods
o Building irrigation
networks
o Desalination sea
water for agriculture
o Use of modern
technology
o Use of high yield
hybrid varieties of seeds
o Batalegoda,
Gannoruwa in Sri Lanka and Manila in the Philippines are rice research centres
8. Energy crisis:
o Oil reserves are
depleting
o Pollution
o High prices
Solutions:
o Alternative sources
of energy
o Increasing the fuel
efficiency of the existing machinery
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